What are 5 facts about the Ottoman Empire?The Sultan and his many wives lived in the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul.Suleiman the Magnificent was considered the earthly leader of all Muslims.The Republic of Turkey was founded by revolutionary Kemal Ataturk.The elite battle troops of the Sultan were called Janissaries. Cultural works, fine arts and architecture flourished, with more elaborate styles that were influenced by the Baroque and Rococo movements in Europe. After capturing Belgrade in 1521, Suleiman conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary (the western, northern and northeastern parts remained independent). These networks of exchange influenced the economic and political development of states and empires. Ottoman Empire Pre-1600: SQ 1. Austria gained a great deal of territory, which angered the South Slavs, and led to decades of tensions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Our units are developed through a backwards design process in which we start with the summative assessments and then create resources and formative assessments based on the content and skills students will need to be successful (SeeUnderstanding by Designby Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe). The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387. It was forced to deal with nationalism both within and beyond its borders. The overriding military need for defence on the western and eastern frontiers of the Empire eventually made effective long-term engagement on a global scale impossible. holder of power, the military and political head of state under the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans. 1 / 51. CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will analyze how the ethnic and religious compositions of the Ottoman Empire and the Ming Dynasty were reflected in their political and societal organizations. The state fell into a civil war that lasted from 1402 to 1413, as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. However, most of the participants were not fully satisfied, and grievances regarding the results festered until they exploded into world war in 1914. The Empire began to improve the fortifications of its cities in the Balkan peninsula to act as a defence against European expansionism. Myth: DID is a personality disorder. What area did their empire stretch to? During the reign of Suleiman, Transylvania, Wallachia and, intermittently, Moldavia, became tributary principalities of the Ottoman Empire. Murad I did rise to the power of the Ottoman Empire in 1362. In the meantime, however, the threat that Cem might lead a foreign attack compelled Bayezid to concentrate on internal consolidation. The Janissaries not being Muslim had loyalty A specific year can be provided, albeit it is also relative; marking their change in 1553. CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will identify the location of the transregional trade networks noting regional connections between the Indian Ocean complex, Mediterranean Sea complex, Silk Roads, and Trans-Saharan routes. editors: Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen, Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present, Vol. The Ottomans thus controlled the major entrepts of northern European trade with the Black Sea and Mediterranean. During the Tanzimat period (from Arabic: tanm, meaning "organisation") (183976), the government's series of constitutional reforms led to a fairly modern conscripted army, banking system reforms, the decriminalisation of homosexuality, the replacement of religious law with secular law[52] and guilds with modern factories. This marked the final fall of the Roman Empire. The Long War against Austria (15931606) created the need for greater numbers of infantry equipped with firearms. It is based on numerous eyewitness accounts. 9.6 SQ 6 What do the Turkish Letters (1589) reveal about how outsiders viewed the Ottomans? This course map provides the scope and sequence and structure of units in the New Visions Global I History Curriculum. Whereas Mehmed II used the conquest of Constantinople to destroy the major Turkish notable families and build up the power of the devirme, Murad sought only to establish a balance of power and function between the two groups so that he could use and control both for the benefit of the empire. SQ 12. Who was Zheng He? If you click on the "Open in Google Docs" button below and can view the document, then you already have access. 9.6 SQ 2 What was the historical context for the founding of the Ottoman Empire? With the Ottoman Turks blockading sea-lanes to the East and South, the European powers were driven to find another way to the ancient silk and spice routes, now under Ottoman control. The Ottomans first crossed into Europe in 1352, establishing a permanent settlement at impe Castle on the Dardanelles in 1354 and moving their capital to Edirne (Adrianople) in 1369. 9.6 SQ 9 What were the historical circumstances for the founding of the Ming Dynasty? SQ 11. Now only persons accepting the status of slaves of the sultan could hold positions in the Ottoman government and army. In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. However, historians today stress the symbolic and not the strictly military significance of the battle, for within six months of the defeat a new Ottoman fleet of some 250 sail including eight modern galleasses[25] had been built, with the shipyards of Istanbul turning out a new ship every day at the height of the construction. It was one of the first "modern" wars, as it introduced new technologies to warfare, such as the first tactical use of railways and the telegraph. 9.6 SQ 4 What was the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople? Equal taxes were established around the empire so that all subjects could fulfill their obligations to the government without the kind of disruption and dissatisfaction that had characterized the previous regime. Changes in European military tactics and weaponry in the military revolution caused the Sipahi cavalry to lose military relevance. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. How did the Ottomans government maintain power? SQ 4 What was the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople? He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but failed to take the city after the onset of winter forced his retreat. This era is dominated by the politics of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), and the movement that would become known as the Young Turks. "[99] He returned to Turkey in 1992 for the first time since the exile, and became a Turkish citizen with a Turkish passport in 2002. The Christian millets gained privileges, such as in the Armenian National Constitution of 1863. There the old conflict resumed between the autonomous, uncivilized nomads and the stable, settled Middle Eastern civilization of the Ottomans. Stubborn resistance by the Maltese led to the lifting of the siege in September. Finally, the Ottoman Empire was weakened How interconnected was it to other regions? 9.6 SQ 7 What are the strengths and limitations of the Turkish Letters as a reliable source for understanding how outsiders viewed the Ottoman Empire? CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will map the extent of the Muslim, Neo-Confucian, and Christian realms and compare the relative size and power of these realms ca. France and the Ottoman Empire, united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule in both Southern and Central Europe, became strong allies during this period. A group of reformers known as the Young Ottomans, primarily educated in Western universities, believed that a constitutional monarchy would give an answer to the empire's growing social unrest. How did the Ottoman Empire, as led by Suleiman the Magnificent, gain, consolidate, and maintain power? The Roman Empire was the smallest empire. [16][17], After further advances by the Turks in 1543, the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand officially recognized Ottoman ascendancy in Hungary in 1547. How did the Ottoman Empire, as led by Suleiman the Magnificent, gain, consolidate, and maintain power? Bayezid never was able to use that situation to make new conquests in Europe, because the rise of revolts in eastern Anatolia occupied much of his attention during the last years of his reign. [56], Samuel Morse received his first ever patent for the telegraph in 1847, at the old Beylerbeyi Palace (the present Beylerbeyi Palace was built in 18611865 on the same location) in Istanbul, which was issued by Sultan Abdlmecid who personally tested the new invention. During the postclassical era, the growth of transregional empires and the use of trade networks influenced religions and spread disease. With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The Turks stayed in Otranto and its surrounding areas for nearly a year, but after Mehmed II's death on 3 May 1481, plans for penetrating deeper into the Italian peninsula with fresh new reinforcements were given up on and cancelled and the remaining Ottoman troops sailed back to the east of the Adriatic Sea. In the mid-1600s, the empire was restored for a short time after military victories in Persia and Venice. [22] The next year, the invasion was repeated but repelled at the Battle of Molodi. Those educated in the schools established during the Tanzimat period included Mustafa Kemal Atatrk and other progressive leaders and thinkers of the Republic of Turkey and of many other former Ottoman states in the Balkans, the Middle East and North Africa. They maintained through system of taxation, revenues of which allowed maintain a standing armies, navies, if you were an ottoman subject, then you [80] Following pressure from the European powers and Armenians, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, in response, assigned the Hamidiye regiments to eastern Anatolia (Ottoman Armenia). The expansion of Muscovite Russia under Ivan IV (15331584) into the Volga and Caspian region at the expense of the Tatar khanates disrupted the northern pilgrimage and trade routes. 9.6 SQ 12 Who was Zheng He? KEY IDEA:THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE MING DYNASTY PRE-1600: Islam, Neo-Confucianism, and Christianity each influenced the development of regions and shaped key centers of power in the world between 1368 and 1683. His rule represented one of the most orderly periods of Ottoman history. Enduring Issues Check-In: Enduring Issues Check-Ins. How interconnected was it to other regions? Aligned to the Global History and Geography II exam, administered June 2019 onwards. The introduction of increased cultural rights, civil liberties and a parliamentary system during the Tanzimat proved too late to reverse the nationalistic and secessionist trends that had already been set in motion since the early 19th century. He was quoted as saying that "democracy works well in Turkey. Under the shah Isml I (ruled 150124), the Safavids sent missionaries throughout Anatolia, spreading a message of religious heresy and political revolt not only among the tribal peoples but also to cultivators and some urban elements, who began to see in that movement the answers to their own problems. [85] The Baghdad Railway under German control was a proposal to build rail lines into Iraq. The Congress of Berlin returned to the Ottoman Empire territories that the previous treaty had given to the Principality of Bulgaria, most notably Macedonia, thus setting up a strong revanchist demand in Bulgaria that in 1912 led to the First Balkan War in which the Turks were defeated and lost nearly all of Europe. [82] From 1894 to 1896, between 100,000 and 300,000 Armenians living throughout the empire were killed in what became known as the Hamidian massacres. [88][89][90] Through forced marches and gang skirmishes, the Armenians living in eastern Anatolia were uprooted from their ancestral homelands and sent southwards to the Ottoman provinces in Syria and Mesopotamia. In the Ottoman empire, there were four different types of major social classes. WebThe transformation of that city into the Ottoman capital of Istanbul marked an important new stage in Ottoman history. Unit Introduction and Vocabulary: Unit Introduction: Enduring Issues and Questions, Unit Introduction and Vocabulary: Unit Introduction: Contextualize and Connect Cause and Effect, Unit Introduction and Vocabulary: Vocabulary Opener. A few things to note before answering; Janissaries were exempt from paying taxes; there were about 25+ different taxes Following the Russo-Turkish War of 18771878, the empire granted independence to all three belligerent nations. To conclude, the most significant reason for the decline of the Ottoman Empire was the decline of the armed forces as during the rising era, the military army of the Ottoman very popular with their power and strategies to defeat their rivalling. This led to frequent power struggles and made it difficult for the Ottoman authorities to effectively govern the empire. The empire's First Constitutional era, was short-lived. Douglas Arthur Howard: "The History of Turkey", page 71. Where did the Ming Dynasty rule? The capture of Bayezid I threw the Turks into disorder. In 1495 Cem died and a new peace with Hungary left Bayezids objectives unfulfilled, so he turned toward Venice, his other major European enemy. The salaried Janissary corps remained the primary source of strength of the devirme class, whereas the sipahis and the timar system remained the bases of power of the Turkish notables. Because those advances conflicted with the ambitions of Poland, in 148384 war ensued, until the diversion of Poland by the threat of Muscovy under Ivan III the Great left that front quiet also after 1484. The Ottoman Empire was founded c. 1299 by Osman I as a small beylik in northwestern Asia Minor just south of the Byzantine capital Constantinople. 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p.437. DID individuals report very high rates of adult rape, intimate partner violence, and other forms of exploitation, such as being a victim of trafficking. Unit Synthesis Task: Closer: Contextualize and Connect Cause and Effect, Unit Synthesis Task: Closer: Enduring Issues and Questions. He took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner. [29] With the Empire's population reaching 30,000,000 people by 1600, shortage of land placed further pressure on the government. During this period threats to the Ottoman Empire were presented by the traditional foethe Austrian Empireas well as by a new foethe rising Russian Empire. That new regular army developed the techniques of battle and siege that were used to achieve most of the 14th-century Ottoman conquests, but, because it was commanded by members of the Turkish notable class, it became the major vehicle for their rise to predominance over the sultans, whose direct military supporters were limited to the vassal contingents. As those men entered his service, they were converted to Islam and trained as Ottomans, gaining the knowledge and experience required for service in the government as well as the army, while remaining in the sultans personal service. After this Ottoman expansion, a competition started between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire to become the dominant power in the region. CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING:Afro-Eurasian transregional trade networks grew across land and bodies of water. When the Ottoman Empire was restored under Sultan Mehmed I, the Turkish notables, in order to deprive the sultan of the only military force he could use to resist their control, required him to abandon the kapkulu, justifying the action on the basis of the Islamic tradition that Muslims could not be kept in slavery. But, when Bayezid I abandoned the ghazi tradition and moved into Anatolia, he lost the support of the Turkish notables and their sipahis before his new kapkulu army was fully established. Estimates vary on how many Armenians perished, but scholars give figures ranging from 300,000 (per the modern Turkish state), 600,000 (per early estimates by Western researchers)[91] to up to 1.5 million (per modern Western and Armenian scholars).[92][93][94][95][96][97]. We are sorry if this delay causes any inconvenience. The Ottomans maintained power over their empire through religious beliefs, a system to accommodate non-Muslim citizens, firm responses to rebellious What was the social structure of the Ottoman Empire? CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will examine the technologies that facilitated and improved interregional travel along the Indian Ocean and Trans-Saharan networks of exchange. An empire formed by outside conquerors who unified the regions they conquered through their mastery of firearms. Armed with bows and arrows and spears, those nomadic cavalrymen had lived mostly on booty, although those assigned as ghazis to border areas or sent to conquer and raid Christian lands also had been given more permanent revenues in the form of taxes levied on the lands they garrisoned. However, the Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. Harun Osmanolu, the 3rd generation grandson of Abdul Hamid II, is the eldest living member of the former ruling dynasty. Serbia and Montenegro finally gained complete independence, but with smaller territories. [44] Ottoman science and technology had been highly regarded in medieval times, as a result of Ottoman scholars' synthesis of classical learning with Islamic philosophy and mathematics, and knowledge of such Chinese advances in technology as gunpowder and the magnetic compass.

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