Brother of Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. By the 1520s, few descendants of Cosimo the Elder remained. The Medici Family. [34] Upon the death of the last Duke of Urbino (Francesco Maria II), instead of claiming the duchy for Ferdinando, who was married to the Duke of Urbino's granddaughter and heiress, Vittoria della Rovere, they permitted it to be annexed by Pope Urban VIII. Giulio de Medici, the illegitimate son of Lorenzo the Magnificents brother Giuliano, abdicated power in 1523 to become Pope Clement VII, and the short and brutal rule of Alessandro (reputed to be Giulios own illegitimate son) ended with his assassination in 1537. The Medici produced four popes of the Catholic ChurchPope Leo X (15131521), Pope Clement VII (15231534), Pope Pius IV (15591565)[5] and Pope Leo XI (1605)and two queens of FranceCatherine de' Medici (15471559) and Marie de' Medici (16001610). The Habsburgs were deposed in favor of the House of Bourbon-Parma in 1801 (themselves deposed in 1807), but were later restored at the Congress of Vienna. In 1534, following a lengthy illness, Pope Clement VII diedand with him the stability of the Medici's "senior" branch. In fact, more than a dilemma, the biblical sin of usury (charging excessive interest in money lending) created a significant . [38], Ferdinando died on 23 May 1670 afflicted by apoplexy and dropsy. Cosimo III married Marguerite Louise d'Orlans, a granddaughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. Alessandro proved to be cruel and brutally authoritarian. Needless to conclude, that the world has need of people like the Medicis still. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, read more, According to Machiavelli, the ends always justify the meansno matter how cruel, calculating or immoral those means might be. Cousin of Cardinal Ippolito de' Medici, illegitimate son of Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino or Pope Clement VII. Azure, three fleurs-de-lis or) was granted by Louis XI in 1465. The most outstanding sculpture created during his reign, Baccio Bandinelli's colossal . The name in Italian is pronounced with the stress on the first syllable /m .di.ti/ and not on the second vowel. So. In 1433, the Albizzi managed to have Cosimo exiled. Cosimo de' Medici, the older brother, established the family's political base. [19] These three members of the Medici family had great skills in the management of so "restive and independent a city" as Florence. When the last Medici grand duke, Gian Gastone, died without a male heir in 1737, the family dynasty died with him. This MEDICI index was pre-built so it loads quickly. In addition, the early Medici resolutely courted favour with the middle and poorer classes in the city, and this determination to be popolani (plebeian) endured a long time after them. From the time of Clement's election as pope in 1523 until the sack of Rome, Florence was governed by the young Ippolito de' Medici (future cardinal and vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church), Alessandro de' Medici (future duke of Florence), and their guardians. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. WikiTree is a community of genealogists growing an increasingly-accurate collaborative family tree that's 100% free for everyone forever. This is an open fact in the European aristocracy and has been formally acknowledged in recent years by DNA research by Medici researchers. The second son, Lorenzo (144992), became in his own time Il Magnifico (The Magnificent). Cosimo purchased a portion of the island of Elba from the Republic of Genoa and based the Tuscan navy there. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). During the Russian Revolution read more, The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic rebirth following the Middle Ages. [17] Involvement in another plot in 1400 caused all branches of the family to be banned from Florentine politics for twenty years, with the exception of two. This bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century and facilitated the Medicis' rise to political power in Florence, although they officially remained citizens rather than monarchs until the 16th century. Clement VII's tumultuous pontificate was dominated by a rapid succession of political crisesmany long in the makingthat resulted in the sack of Rome by the armies of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1527 and rise of the Salviati, Altoviti and Strozzi as the leading bankers of the Roman Curie. At the b ottom left, the representation of the river divinity of the Arno can be seen. Maria Maddelana's temperament was analogous to Christina's, and together they aligned Tuscany with the papacy, re-doubled the Tuscan clergy, and allowed the heresy trial of Galileo Galilei to occur. He bought what became the Palazzo Medici . In architecture, the Medici were responsible for some notable features of Florence, including the Uffizi Gallery, the Boboli Gardens, the Belvedere, the Medici Chapel and the Palazzo Medici.[58]. To ensure that a Medici of the Cosimo line would continue to rule Florence, Pope Clement VII, nephew of Lorenzo the Magnificent, installed Alessandro (151137), reputedly his own illegitimate son, as hereditary duke of Florence. One unproven story traces their ancestry to a knight of Charlemagne's, Averardo, who defeated a giant, Mugello. Print Family Tree. With Vieri this branch of the Medici was to disappear definitively from history. Please join us. The few years of this period are often considered to be the apogee of the Medici age. . Due to his illness, he mostly stayed at home bedridden, and therefore did little to further the Medici control of Florence while in power. Salvestro more or less willingly stirred up an insurrection of the ciompi, the artisans of the lowest class, against his rivals and, after the rebellions victory, was not above reaping substantial monetary and titular advantages. His two sons were Piero (1416-69) and Giovanni (1424-63). Cosimo de' Medici. Giulio de' Medici, the illegitimate son of Lorenzo the Magnificent's brother Giuliano, abdicated power in 1523 to become Pope Clement VII, and the short and brutal rule of Alessandro (reputed to be Giulio's own illegitimate son) ended with his assassination in 1537. They were and still are a pretty big name, is what we're saying. 2. The Medici villa of Cafaggiolo was the family's Mugello home, located near present day Barberino di Mugello. To ensure the continuance of his family's success, Lorenzo planned his children's future careers for them. Francesco married Johanna of Austria, and with his consort produced Eleonora de' Medici, Duchess of Mantua, and Marie de' Medici, Queen of France and Navarre. His conduct at the banquets was less than regal; he often vomited repeatedly into his napkin, belched, and regaled those present with socially inappropriate jokes. Born in Rome, she is most known as the wife of Lorenzo de' Medici (Lorenzo the Magnificent), de facto ruler . I go full of hope, praying to God to give me grace to perform what every citizen should at all times be ready to perform for his country. Lorenzo de Medici (1449-1492), also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, was a poet himself, and supported the work of such Renaissance masters as Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo (whom the Medicis commissioned to complete their family tombs in Florence). Eldest son of Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Their influence had declined by the late 14th century, however, when Salvestro de Medici (then serving as gonfaliere, or standard bearer, of Florence) was banished from the city in 1382 due to his oppressive policies and was forced to live in exile. [23], The Medici additionally benefited from the discovery of vast deposits of alum in Tolfa in 1461. Deceased 5 January 1588 - Blois, France,aged 68 years old. In comparison to the 17th century, the population of Florence declined by 50%, and the population of the grand duchy as a whole declined by an estimated 40%. THE MEDICI FAMILY THE MEDICI FAMILY: the most rich and powerful family of Italy! Eldest son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. However, these portions of his proclamation were completely ignored, and he died a few days later. Their collective regency is known as the Turtici. In this article we will talk about the Medici, one of the largest, most powerful and richest Italian families ever, who remained in power for about 300 years.They have been popes, sovereigns and patrons, they have promoted art and culture and they have given to their territory such glory and prestige that they can never be replicated again! Giovanni, second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, became Pope Leo X. Acting, Distant cousin of Alessandro de' Medici, Son of. The background shows the family's influence in the region. His daughter Marie would become queen of France when she married Henry IV in 1600; her son would rule as Louis XIII from 1610-43. Descendants of members of the silk guild and descendants of attorneys both at the 93rd percentile in 1427 are among the wealthiest families today. The bed, often smelling of faeces, was occasionally cleaned by Violante. The Medici family was connected to most other elite families of the time through marriages of convenience, partnerships, or employment, so the family had a central position in the social network: several families had systematic access to the rest of the elite families only through the Medici, perhaps similar to banking relationships. The family originally came from a village in Tuscany but eventually migrated to Florence, its capital. [53] On 19 February 1743, she died, and the grand ducal line of the House of Medici died with her. Father of, Cousin of Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, son of. Despite all of these incentives for economic growth and prosperity, the population of Florence at the dawn of the 17th century was a mere 75,000, far smaller than the other capitals of Italy: Rome, Milan, Venice, Palermo and Naples. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. During Cosimos time, as well as that of his sons and particularly his grandson Lorenzo de Medici, the Italian Renaissance flourished, and Florence became the cultural center of Europe. . Duchess Violante of Bavaria, Gian Gastone's sister-in-law, tried to withdraw the grand duke from the sphere of influence of the Ruspanti by organising banquets. With this intention I now go. [40] At the time of his death, the population of the grand duchy was 730,594; the streets were lined with grass and the buildings on the verge of collapse in Pisa.[41]. [42] Cosimo frequently paid the Holy Roman Emperor, his nominal feudal overlord, exorbitant dues,[43] and he sent munitions to the emperor during the Battle of Vienna. View Site Catherine d'Medici - King's College Catherine de' Medici was born to the Medici family of Florence in 1519. [57] Lorenzo also served as patron to Leonardo da Vinci (14521519) for seven years. The Medici ruled the Grand Duchy from its inception until 1737, with the death of Gian Gastone de' Medici. Living in Florence, Italy, he has been the Grand Duke of Tuscany (a sovereign entity without territory) since 2017. The line of the Princes of Ottajano, an extant branch of the House of Medici who were eligible to inherit the grand duchy of Tuscany when the last male of the senior branch died in 1737, could have carried on as Medici sovereigns but for the intervention of Europe's major powers, which allocated the sovereignty of Florence elsewhere. Princes William and Charles and Queen Elizabeth can trace their lineage to Cosimo de' Medici's (played by Richard Madden in Season 1 of 'Medici') younger brother, Lorenzo the Elder. But in 1381, when the popular government fell, he had to go into exile. In 1378, Salvestro de' Medici proposed a reform widening the suffrage within the Republic, attracting the sympathy of the population for his family. [30] The Grand Duke alone had the prerogative to exploit the state's mineral and salt resources, and the fortunes of the Medici were directly tied to the Tuscan economy.[30]. Louis repudiated her pro-Habsburg policy in 1617. In 1626, they banned any Tuscan subject from being educated outside the Grand Duchy, a law later overturned, but resurrected by Maria Maddalena's grandson, Cosimo III. Cosimo the Elder, the first of the Medici to gain notable political status in Florence, married the daughter of a very prestigious Florentine family. By agreement of the European powers (Austria, France, England and the Netherlands), control over Tuscany passed to Francis of Lorraine, whose marriage to Hapsburg heiress (and mother of Marie Antoinette) Maria Theresa of Austria would begin the long European reign of the Hapsburg-Lorraine family. The family originated in the Mugello region of Tuscany, and prospered gradually until it was able to fund the Medici Bank. The Medici family came from the agricultural Mugello region[9] north of Florence, and they are first mentioned in a document of 1230. "Beginning with Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (1360-1429), he established several branches of the Medici Bank, the most lucrative associated with the papal court. The table below shows the origins of the Medici: This extract shows the branch that gave rise to the celebrated branch of the Medici descending from Giovanni "di Bicci", who founded the Medici fortunes: This is the branch of Cosimo's brother, Lorenzo, called the "Popolano" Branch, which gave rise to the Grand-Dukes of Tuscany: The origin of the Medici coat of arms is not recorded. And there are still about 100, 000 descendants of this great family, but zero patrilineal descendants. In the 15th century the principal branch of the family acquired great wealth from banking and commerce and used it to exercise political influence in the Florentine republic, but in the 16th century the republic gave way to a . The Medicis produced four popes (Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV and Leo XI), and their genes have been mixed into many of Europes royal families. After Lorenzo's death the puritanical Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola rose to prominence, warning Florentines against excessive luxury. "They were bankers," says Bartlett. 7 Things You May Not Know About the Medicis. [13] The city's numerous luxurious palazzi were becoming surrounded by townhouses built by the prospering merchant class.[14]. A distant cousin of Salvestro was Averardo de Medici (or Bicci), whose progeny became the famous Medici of history. Brother of Piero the Unfortunate, second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. [38] The war effort was costly and the treasury so empty because of it that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for, the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds, with the result that the interest rate was lowered by 0.75%. On the right is a meeting of the liberal arts near a fountain. Although none of the Medici themselves were scientists, the family is well known to have been the patrons of the famous Galileo Galilei, who tutored multiple generations of Medici children and was an important figurehead for his patron's quest for power. . Ancestors. Cosimo was in Italy, Eleanora in Spain. They clearly dominated Florentine representative government without abolishing it altogether. These descendants included Cosimo I, who became Duke of Florence in 1537 and grand duke of Tuscany in 1569. [6] In 1532, the family acquired the hereditary title Duke of Florence. Ferdinando's marriage to Vittoria della Rovere produced two children: Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro. Medici women included Catherine (1519-1589) who married Henry II, King of France and ruled the coutry after her husband's death; Maria (1573-1642) married Henry IV, King of France. The Galileo Project. [50] Upon her brother's death, she received all the House of Medici's allodial possessions. Where do the rich people live in Florence? Lorenzo's son Piero II took over as the head of Florence after Lorenzo's death. Cosimo (Cosimo I) "Granduca di Toscana, Duca di Firenze" de' Medici formerly Medici. Cosimo the Elder's notable artistic associates were Donatello and Fra Angelico. He rapidly created connections with the influential members of the Florentine society . An exceedingly discontented pairing, this union produced three children, notably Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, and the last Medicean Grand Duke of Tuscany, Gian Gastone de' Medici. The Medici briefly became leaders of Christendom through their two famous 16th century popes, Leo X and Clement VII. What problems did the Medici family face? The Ruspanti, Gian Gastone's decrepit entourage, loathed the electress, and she them. From Leo's election as pope in 1513 to his death in 1521, Florence was overseen, in turn, by Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours, Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and Giulio de' Medici, the latter of whom became Pope Clement VII. 2. They founded the Uffizi Gallery in Florence and Italy's largest public library. Despite the presence of some Medici in the city's government institutions, they were still far less notable than other outstanding families such as the Albizzi or the Strozzi. [10] The origin of the name is uncertain. Cosimo in turn patronized Vasari, who erected the Uffizi Gallery in 1560 and founded the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno ("Academy of the Arts of Drawing") in 1563. The Medici family have claimed to have funded the invention of the piano and opera,[7][verification needed][8][non-tertiary source needed] financed the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica and Santa Maria del Fiore, and were patrons of Brunelleschi, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Machiavelli, Galileo and Francesco Redi among many others in the arts and sciences. Two girls from the family also grew up to be the queens of France. In the 15th century the line of Cosimo the Elder set up a hereditary principate in Florence but without legal right or title, hence subject to sudden overthrow; crowns burgeoned, however, on the last branches of their genealogical tree, for two of them were dukes outside Florence, their last heir in a direct line became queen of France (Catherine de Mdicis), and their final offspring, Alessandro, was duke of Florence. Only Great Britain and the Dutch Republic gave any credence to it, and the plan ultimately died with Cosimo III in 1723.[45]. The last Medici ruler died without a male heir in 1737, ending the family dynasty after almost three centuries. Pills did not exist until much later and bloodletting was not a common practice at the time of the first Medici coat of arms. Gently saute the garlic until soft but not brown. Giovanni de Medici first brought the family to prominence in Florence by starting the Medici bank. In commemoration of the deaths of Giuliano and Lorenzo, the two who had died relatively young, the family commissioned Michelangelo to complete the famous Medici Tombs in Florence. His contemporaries read more, Known as the Renaissance, the period immediately following the Middle Ages in Europe saw a great revival of interest in the classical learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome. Medici, House ofThe Medici family dominated the Italian city of Florence throughout the Renaissance and beyond, from 1434 to 1737. The line of Chiarissimo II failed to gain power in Florence in the 14th century. Experience the Medici in Florence with HISTORY Travel. [15] The next year, however, a pro-Medici Signoria (civic government) led by Tommaso Soderini, Oddo Altoviti and Lucca Pitti was elected and Cosimo returned. He also fathered two sons, one of whom, Giuliano (145378) was assassinated. The descendants of Cosimo de' Medici's brother Lorenzo (great-uncle of Lorenzo the Magnificent) spawned a line of Grand Dukes of Tuscany, beginning with Cosimo I (1519-1574), and another Queen of France . ( 144992 ), became Pope Leo X and Clement VII diedand with.... Government without abolishing it altogether fact in the Mugello region of Tuscany, and Grand... Ensure the continuance of his proclamation were completely ignored, and the Grand Duke, Gian 's! 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